Drugs and Decay :: essays papers

Drugs and Decay Drugs and decay; Iran; Iran's losing fight against drugs. (International)(Brief Article) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001 Economist Newspaper Ltd. TABOO subjects, Muhammad Khatami has insisted, should be talked about. Before he was elected president in 1997, most Iranians were unaware of their high level of drug addiction. But now, thanks to press reports and unexpectedly lively debate, everyone knows that the country has about 2m opium and heroin addicts, and that the effects are tugging at the social fabric. The discussion has spurred efforts to stop the flow of Afghanistan's opium, morphine and heroin into Iran, and thence to Turkey and Western Europe. The security forces have stationed 30,000 men on the long border, and fortified lengths of it with trenches and concrete barriers. During a violent period at the end of last year, this border force, which has lost 3,000 men in two decades of fighting the smugglers, was ambushing well-armed gangs almost daily. Their efforts have brought some eye-catching successes. Iran claims 85% of world-wide opium seizures last year, and 45% of morphine and heroin seizures. In February the police raided "Cannibal Island", a squalid corner of Tehran and its biggest drugs supermarket. They arrested about 500 people, before bulldozers razed the area. "It's difficult to see what more they can do," said an admiring Keith Hellawell, the head of Britain's anti-drugs campaign, when he visited Iran earlier this year. "It's a war." To give itself a better chance, Iran has modified its foreign policy. Rather than persist with its refusal to talk to the Taliban, Iran is now helping the Afghan government to transform its poppy fields into prairies of wheat. The UN says that the Taliban may have cut poppy cultivation by 70%. Indeed, in the past three months, the price in Tehran of a mesqal of opium, the five-gram unit of choice, has soared from $2.50 to $9. But talk of victory is premature. However courageous and efficient they are, Iran's border forces and police probably intercept no more than 30% of the drugs that enter the country. Junkies and aid workers alike suspect that the rise in opium prices has less to do with crop substitution and record hauls than it has to do with stockpiling. Moreover, the price of heroin, which is more addictive and more lethal than opium, has stayed absurdly cheap: one (highly adulterated) hit in Tehran costs 50 cents.

Tension in Witchs Money Essay -- Witchs Money Essays

Tension in Witch's Money  Ã‚   In John Collier's "Witch's Money," the stranger who suddenly appears in a remote mountain village in Spain is initially seen by Foiral as an unwelcome madman. Certainly his surrealist description of the landscape must seem a symptom of insanity to one unfamiliar with the trends of modern art. Once he offers a nice sum of money to buy Foiral's house, however, the stranger is treated with a new attitude. He is still not completely accepted by the community that he has moved into, but he does wield a new type of power simply because only he can produce cash from paper billets. With his magic cheques, though, the stranger creates a tension that grows into an economic struggle between himself and his community. Even worse, the stranger unknowingly creates a conflict among the natives of the town who have been a united group. Ultimately, because of the power that the "witch's" money brings into this community, the people of the town -- once happy and content -- are destroyed, and so is the community as a whole. Despite his unconventional art, this stranger is a misbegotten missionary for the decadent values of Western civilization, and with his money he brings the disease of capitalism to the innocent village. One of the first signs of a struggle between the stranger and the community arises when the villagers voice their suspicions about him. They seem to think that the stranger is fabricating details in order to hide a secret perhaps. For example, Arago points out that the stranger claims to have "[come] from Paris" but also "that he was an American" (67). The fact that the stranger has no relations adds to the town's suspicions. More importantly, though, Foiral and the town are skeptical about t... ...e to him'" (75). Thus, at the end of the story the townsfolk laugh at Guis as they march to the bank to demand their money. Guis, they believe, has nothing while they have a remarkable treasure in cheques. Little do they know that disaster awaits when they demand payment for their blank cheques. When their demand is refused, their little town will no longer be happy and content. Moreover, their attempt to cash the cheques will lead to the discovery of the artist's murder and the ruin of the village. The doors of prison will swing shut upon them as quickly as the doors of the bank do. But in reality the village has already been ruined, its innocence destroyed by the capitalistic power of witch's money. Works Cited Collier, John. "Witch's Money." 1939. Short Story Masterpieces. Ed. Robert Penn Warren and Albert Erskine. New York: Dell, 1958. 61-75.   

British Criminology

Knowledge is very important to a concept like criminology that is both empirically and theoretically based. However, it cannot be avoided that in certain aspect criminology may lack specific necessities especially in some countries where the criminal justice system is rather not yet fully developed. The development of the aspect of criminology is very important in addressing criminality and crimes. The effectiveness of the justice system, particularly of the criminal justice system is greatly dependent on the comprehensiveness and stability of criminology.In Britain, knowledge is equally acknowledged as an important aspect of criminology. Thus, knowledge has been constructed in the British criminology since the year 1960 (Soothill & Peelo, 2007). Criminologists recognized the importance of research Exercises and citations in their jobs in order to establish authority and legal basis (Soothill & Peelo, 2007). Criminology According to the British Society of Criminology (2005), criminol ogy is both a theoretical and an empirical discipline that draws on the range of human and social science disciplines.The British Society of Criminology (2005) likewise added that at the heart of criminology â€Å"are theoretical debates about a wide range of perspectives†. According to them, criminology should emphasize the relevance of a firm and strong knowledge base to serve as evidence and basis for its theories and for the evaluation of the crime control policies (British Society of criminology, 2005). Strong knowledge base on this aspect is very important because it ensures that there are reasonably reliable pieces of evidence that has been consulted during the judicial enquiry.However, it is believed that in pursuing these values, it is necessary that a lively debate should be nurtured that employs both qualitative and quantitative data in a dialogue between a range of methodological and theoretical perspectives (British Society of Criminology, 2005). Criminology shou ld ensure that a premature foreclosure of this dialogue be not resorted to favoring certain sub-discipline fields, either endorsed by state officials, the mass media, or by fashions of academic thought (British Society of Criminology, 2005).Criminology is also empirically concerned with the â€Å"processes of criminalization and victimization; and the causes and organization of crime and deviance† (British Society of Criminology, 2005). In criminology, it is important that criminologists have the necessary knowledge in relation to criminality so that they can identify crimes, treats the same and provide for punishments. This is very important because if criminologists do not have the proper knowledge, they may not readily recognize a crime once they encounter the same, hence failure to address it.Criminology is also concerned with the â€Å"process of managing crime, deviance, and victimization, including policing, criminal justice and penalty, community safety and less form al means of addressing criminality (British Society of Criminology, 2005). For criminologists, in order for them to effectively handle and address criminality and decrease crime rates, they should be able to crimes under the authority of police power and the corresponding function of a judicial authority.For example, as criminology includes policing, it is important that the criminologists know the rules and laws governing the proper execution of the power of a police officer. He should make sure that rights are not violated in the process. As a social discipline, criminology is constantly changing with its subject fast-moving both in theory and methodological development. The changes correspond with the equally fast changes in the social environment.Moreover, the change is due to the system’s intention to capture the changes and interaction of ideas into a more complex methodological dialogue about its relevance to the social life. In its modern form, criminology is characte rized by issues on how to: †¢ â€Å"Operationalize its theories in conducting research† (British Society of Criminology, 2005) – the changes may be necessary so that new ideas and criminological concepts may be formulated through research.The debates are important because they determine the endless possibilities in relation to the application of criminology in social life. Criminology is concerned on how research and knowledge can be used n order to make effective criminology itself. For example, criminology is important in order to conduct and study specific occurrences in relation to criminality and deviance; †¢ â€Å"Explain its subject matter† (British Society of Criminology, 2005) – Knowledge in relation to criminology is likewise important in order to understand its nature and applicability.Criminology endeavors to make its own extent comprehensive and understandable by the public so that they can be consulted in cases of incidents its app lication may be necessary; †¢ â€Å"inform the debates over crime control policy; the links between criminal and social justice, and the expanding knowledge bases of the crime and justice related professions† (British Society of Criminology, 2005) – Modern criminology is a way to provide the public with knowledge base on how social justice may be promoted and how rights may be protected even in cases of criminal infringements.It should be noted however that under criminology, by concept of social justice in relation to crimes should mean that criminology should comprehend all aspects of social justice even as it involves the criminal. Criminology, as a knowledge base is used by legal and justice related professionals in the pursuance of social justice and the treatment of crimes. According to the British Society of Criminology (2005), as a changing academic discipline, its knowledge base should necessarily change to address the corresponding changes in its environ ment.â€Å"As such, the importance attached to different classical and contemporary theories will continually change† (British Society of Criminology, 2005). The changes in the â€Å"classical and contemporary theories also requires changes in theories and application in the various areas of criminological enquiry (British Society of Criminology, 2005). Moreover, â€Å"such new areas may also be generated by changing political and social concerns, or by changes within another discipline, such as philosophy† (British Society of Criminology, 2005).For example, the constant change in criminology may be brought about by technological advancements. As new technologies and device are created, corresponding laws relating to specific acts may be enacted in order to identify criminality of specific acts in relation to these advancements, which in the past may not be covered by law or criminological precedents. Specifically, as has been experienced, many scrupulous machinations have been resorted to by some criminals in order to avoid prosecution because certain acts may not be covered by a law that penalizes crimes.In the case of crimes related to the Internet, many have escaped prosecution because past laws do not cover acts committed through and via the Internet. â€Å"Criminology, like all social sciences, is both theoretically and evidence based that requires the comprehension of specific issues† (British Society of Criminology, 2005). The importance of knowledge base in criminology has prompted the British Society of Criminology (2006) to create the Code of Ethics for researchers in the Field of Criminology.This is because of the fact that it is the researchers who gather and make use of the knowledge as a product of their research and used in the judicial inquiry. Among others, the Code serves as guidance to researchers in the field of criminology to aid them â€Å"in keeping with the aims of the society to value and promote the highest eth ical standards in criminological research† (British Society of Criminology, 2006).According to this Code, and as a guiding principle of the British Society of Criminology, â€Å"researchers should ensure that research is undertaken to the highest methodological standard and the highest quality in order that maximum possible knowledge and benefits accrue to the society† (British Society of Criminology, 2006). The Code ensures that researchers only gather the most credible and highest standard of knowledge in order to establish a sound criminal justice system. The aspect of criminology should be ensured to be given that taint of authority and credibility so that the people can develop trust and confidence to its concept.Specifically, according to the British Society of Criminology (2006), the researcher has the following responsibilities: General Responsibilities The researcher should endeavor to: 1. â€Å"Advance knowledge about criminological issues† (British Soc iety of Criminology, 2006) – as criminal researchers, it is their responsibility to ensure that they accumulate a sustained knowledge base with comprehensive application to cover the various criminological issues and its relationship to each other.For example, researchers, in tackling a criminal issue should consider it in relation to specific laws and its relationship to any other issues and laws that may somehow be directly or indirectly affect its applicability and outcomes. This can be explained in the various aspects of criminology as in the case of policing as it relates to the crime busting and crime punishment. In policing, researchers should not only provide knowledge that pertain to policing but on how to execute this authority in connection with the rights of the people and the rights of the public being protected.2. â€Å"Identify and seek to ameliorate factors which restricts the development of their professional competence and integrity† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – As researchers undergo research, criminological knowledge should also be accumulated that provides guidance on how restrictions may be avoided and the full application of this knowledge can be attained. Researchers should also identify how they can improve their competence and the reliability and credibility of criminology by giving knowledge and criminology with known integrity;3. â€Å"Seek appropriate experience or training to improve their professional competence, and identify and deal with any factors which threaten to restrict their professional integrity† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – In criminology, criminologists and researchers should endeavor to improve competence by undergoing trainings and continuous improvement and enhancement of knowledge and qualities that can help improve criminology through improved knowledge base derived from meaningful research; 4.â€Å"Refrain from laying claim, directly or indirectly, to expertise in areas of criminology which they do not have† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – as researchers tasks with the gathering of criminological knowledge, they should avoid assumptions and the incorporation of personal views and opinions that are not validated and unsupported by actual facts and information. For example, in the judicial inquiry, it is important that the research provide information so that the proper authorities can come up with a decision regarding a controversy through validated precedents and established facts;5. â€Å"Take all reasonable steps to ensure that their qualifications, capabilities or views are not misrepresented by others† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – sometimes the quality of the criminological knowledge is dependent on how it is presented and fed to the people and those intended to use the same. In this regard, researchers should endeavor to provide criminological knowledge that are well organized and understandable, avoiding vagueness and allow for not biased interpretations;6. â€Å"Correct any misrepresentations and adopt the highest standards in all their professional relationships with institutions and colleagues whatever their status† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – misrepresentations, should, at all times be avoided to maintain the highest standard of criminological knowledge formed only by information provided by proper authorities and backed up with supporting evidence and justification;7. â€Å"Respect their various responsibilities as outlined in the Code† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – in order for the researcher to be able to recognize and comprehend the various knowledge available, he should comply with all the rules and ethical standards being imposed by the Code; 8.â€Å"Keep up to date with ethical and methodological issues in the field, for example by reading research monographs and participating in training ev ents† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – researchers should ensure the quality and integrity of the criminological knowledge by adhering to ethical principles that will attach credibility to the research process, the researchers and the outcomes; 9. â€Å"Check the reliability of their sources of information, in particular when using the internet† (British Society of Criminology, 2006).Responsibilities towards the Discipline of Criminology In addition to these general responsibilities, they also have responsibilities to others in the practice under the same field. He has the responsibility to promote advancement and effectiveness of information dissemination and to protect intellectual and professional freedom (British Society of Criminology, 2006). He can do this by acknowledging the various research processes and the authenticity and the integrity of knowledge.In addition, he also has the responsibility to promote conducive environment and relationship wi th other professionals and the environment because this will dictate the quality of knowledge and criminology as a whole. â€Å"More specifically, researchers should promote free and independent inquiry into criminological matters and unrestricted dissemination of criminological knowledge† (British Society of Criminology, 2006). Unrestricted dissemination of criminological knowledge is important in the determination of the quality and applicability of the knowledge in relation to various aspects of criminology.â€Å"Researchers should endeavor to ensure that the methodology employed and the research findings are open for discussion and peer review† (British Society of Criminology, 2006). This respects the functions of other professionals and allow for checks and balances and the review of the reliability of the information. In the process, it can improve the quality of the information because other minds can be consulted with their own views and research incorporated t o the knowledge base. Development of British CriminologyThe development of British criminology has been discussed in a number of instances by various authors and scholars expert to their respective fields of criminology. For example, in his book, Tierney discussed the development of criminology in relation to the various cultural and societal influences that had shaped it. For example, he discussed how American criminology has affected and shaped the British criminology by providing a well-organized discussion of the various influences in the various stages of the development of British criminology.In Maguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, it is said that the history of criminology is perhaps too complex to be captured in a single text; however, despite its comprehensive and compendious relevance, collections of books and writings did a good job in outlining its development and its areas of descent and growth as it is discussed in the books, The Origins and Gr owth of Criminology by Piers Beirne and The History of Criminology by Paul RockAfter which, a series of studies have been conducted headed by Michael Foucalt (1977) in his work Discipline and Punish wherein he analyzed and discussed the role of power knowledge in relation to the various disciplinary and governmental institutions. Meanwhile, in an other essay authored by Pasquale Pasquino entitled, The Invention of criminology: Birth of a Special Savior; and The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality by Burchell, Gordon and Miller, they discussed criminal delinquent as a new subject for scientific and administrative issue in the nineteenth-century Europe.They view the development of criminology as a necessary aspect of a society to address delinquencies. Criminology is important in the administration of justice and the treatment of delinquent behavior. In addition, in the work, Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies (1985), it was discussed the developing criminol ogical aspect anchored and revolving around the penal-welfare institutions in Britain as the twentieth century culminates.Other than these works, there are other meaningful accounts on the development of criminology in Britain like Radsinowicz’ memoir, Adventures in Criminology (1999) as well as Clarke and Cornish’s (1983), â€Å"Crime Control in Britain: A Review of Policy Research, which among others discussed the development of Home Office. Cohen on the other hand offers a sociological analysis of the post-war developments in relation to British Criminology; while Fitzgerald, McLeenan and Pawson (1981) discussed the intellectual tensions that affected the British criminology especially during the period of the 1960s and 1970s.In Sumner’s (1994), The Sociology of Deviance: An Obituary, he laid down an extended history of the sociology of deviance in critical analysis with the issue of criminology. The contemporary aspect of the development of British criminol ogy are further discussed by Nelken (1994) and Holdaway and Rock (1998). According to Newburn and Vagg (1998), it was only ten years since the first British Criminology Conference and much has changed from that time. Initially, at about 1987, many criminological researches were carried out by a small number of researchers and their works are often the sole representative of criminological inquiry.This only means that with this system, criminological knowledge in solving crimes is limited. In addition, knowledge may not always be that comprehensive and reliable. It was then possible that mistakes may continue on to court decisions without verification. As a result, judicial inquiry may have outcomes that may be of poor legal basis. But now, criminology and criminologists proliferate (Newburn, & Vagg, 1998). The development of criminology in Britain underwent an elusive transformation through the combined efforts of numerous criminologists and judicial authorities.It helped in the imp rovement of the criminal justice system and the aspect of criminology in the country especially with the fact that many criminologists can readily ignore writing that are more than fifteen years old, â€Å"with evident consequences for the public presentation and validation of expert knowledge† (Soothill, & Peelo, 2007). However, it should be noted that as a discipline that constantly change, writings in support of judicial enquiry should also be updated. Writings that are more than fifteen years old may not be as credible as the contemporary views.In this regard, criminology and criminological research is very important so that this deficiency may be addressed. This is the reason why criminological knowledge is very important especially in the treatment of crimes. The quality of criminological knowledge determines the quality of criminologists and the quality of crime related policies in a society. â€Å"Criminology, like all social sciences, is both theoretically and evide nce based that requires the comprehension of specific issues† (British Society of Criminology, 2005).In this regard, criminological knowledge ensures that it is presented with reliable and verified evidence to support its applicability and its relevance to specific issues. References British Society of Criminology. (2005). Criminology Benchmarks. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from www. c-sap. bham. ac. uk/subject_areas/criminology/Criminology_Benchmarks. doc British Society of Criminology (2006). Code of Ethics for Researchers in the Field of Criminology. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www. britsoccrim. org/ethical.htm Burchell, G. , Gordon, C. , & Miller, P (1991). The Foucalt Effect: Studies in Governmentality, London:Harvester Wheatsheaf. Clarke, R. V. G. , Cornish, D. (1983). Crime and Control in Britain: A Review of Policy Research. Albany: State University of New York. Cohen, S. (n. d. ). Footprints on the Sand: A Further report on Criminology and the Sociology of D eviance in Britain. Fitzgerald, M. , McLeenan, G. , Pawson, J. (1981). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. London: Routledge. Foucault, M.(1977). Discipline and Punish. London: Allen Lane. Holdaway, S. , & Rock, P. (1998). Thinking About Criminology. London: UCL Press. Maguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (n. d. ). Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www. oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199249374/resources/reading/ch01/ Nelken, D. (1994). The Futures of Criminology. London: Sage. Newburn, T. , & Vagg, J. (1995). The British Criminology Conferences: Selected Proceedings. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www. britsoccrim.org/volume1/001. pdf Pasquino, P. (n. d. ). The Invention of Criminology: Birth of a Special Savior. Punishment and Welfare: A History of penal Strategies (1985). Aldershot: Gower. Radzinowicz. (1999). Adventures in Criminology. London: Routledge. Soothill, K. , 7 Peelo, M. (2007). Constructing British Criminology. Howard Journa l of Criminal Justice, 46 (5), 476-492. Sumner, C. (1994). The Sociology of Deviance: An Obituary. Buckingham: Open University Press. Tierney, J. (n. d. ). Criminology: Theory and Context.

Project on E- Tailing

DFHYCGVSDYHJ E-Tailing E-tailing or E-retailing refers to the selling of retail goods electronically over the Internet. The term is a short form for â€Å"electronic retailing†, and surfaced in the 1990s for being frequently used over the Internet. The term is an inevitable addition to other similar terms such as e-business, e-mail, and e-commerce. E-tailing usually refers to the business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. Online retailing is classified into three main categories: 1. Click – The businesses that operate only through the online channel fall into this category.Prominent examples in this category include: Dell, Amazon. com and e-Bay. 2. Click and Brick – The businesses that use both the online as well as the offline channel fall into this category. Common example includes: Barnes and Noble's. 3. Brick and Mortar – This is the conventional mode of retailing. The businesses that do not use the latest retailing channels and still rely upon the conve ntional mode belong to this category. E-tailing offers the consumers huge amounts of information in the form of web sites with useful links to similar sites that allows consumers to compare products by looking at individual items.The convenience of online shopping is unmatched indeed. Shopping out of your home or office reduces the stresses of waiting in lines and dealing with irritating sales people. E-tailing causes problems with fit, since the consumer cannot try the items on. Return policies may also act as turn offs and items can be difficult to return. The shipping and handling costs may turn the customers away. E-tailing requires technology savvy customers and this puts a limit on its potential reach. E-tailing is emerging as an interesting phenomenon in the retail industry that is on a rise despite the disadvantages associated with it.Advantages of e –tailing * Minimal investment * Comfortable and easy to use * Customer interaction * Mass media * Search option * User friendly * Global reach Disadvantages of e-tailing * Security issues * Customer retention * Unsuitable for certain product categories * Complicated medium * Shopping is still a touch-feel-hear experience * Limited access to internet Yebhi Yebhi began as BigShoeBazaar. com, has a registered user base of about 1. 5 million people, of who about half a million have transacted on the site.Nex+ 9us Venture Partners and N. R. Narayana Murthy’s Catamaran Ventures invested Rs 40 crore in Agarwal’s company in mid-2011. On July' 10th 2012, Big Shoe Bazaar India Pvt Ltd. owner of Brand Yebhi. com announced that it has raised INR 100 Cr in Series C round of funding led by Fidelity Growth Partners India and Qualcomm. PILOT STUDY Dear sir/madam We the students of Gogte Institute of technology, Mba Department are conducting a survey on â€Å"Assessing new category for Yebhi. com† for our curriculum. We kindly request you to provide your views.The information collected will be u sed only for academic purpose and will be held confidential. Students conducting the survey – Amruta, Rohit, Ketan, Aishvarya, Pooja, Apoorva. Thanking you Yours truly Team members Name of the respondent:| | Occupation:| | Address: (optional)| | Dichotomous questions: that is they have 2 options such as yes or no Multiple choice questions: many options (max-5) Scale Questions: using the scales such as thrustone scaling, multidimensional scaling. Q. 1) Are you aware about internet? a) yes b) no If yes to Q. go to Q. 2 Q. 2) How do you prefer shopping? a) retail store b) online shopping c) others please specify Q. 3) Do you know about online shopping? a) yes b) no If yes to Q. 3 go to Q. 4 Q. 4) Which online site do you prefer shopping? a) flipkart b) homeshop 18 c) yebhi d) myntra e) others please specify Q. 5) Which are the products you purchase? a) Electronic goods b) Apparels c) Books d) Footwears e) Others please specify Q. 6) Which brands do you prefer shopping online? a) Nike b) Addidas c) John players d)

Greek and Roman Cultures

Alicia Battles AIU-Online Cultural Topics November 11, 2012 Abstract In this assignment I will compare and contrast Greek and Roman Culture. I will discuss the likes and differences of their government, geographic terrain, economics, trade practices, art, architecture, philosophies, and religious beliefs. Greek Terrain- city states separated by hilly countryside and all near water Art- ideal artistic form (Superior to Roman art) Economy- grew wheat, produced, wine and olive oil; thought trading was degrading Social classes- slaves, freedmen, metics, citizens, women; women were not considered citizensGovernment- kings originally ruled, then oligarchy, then democracy Religion- cupid God of Love, Ares God of war, based on human personality traits, Love, Honor, Hatred, Dignity, also their roles in life determined what they were god of; Zeus: sky/weather, Hades: death, Poseidon: sea, aquatics; Physical life was of importance instead of eventuality of the afterlife; Each god had characteri stics that determined their actions; Deities were important for progression of life but mortals were just as Both Geographic Terrain- Mediterranean countriesEconomy- based on agriculture, worked mines, had slaves, produced wine and olive oil, coinage, divided by wealth Religion- same gods but different names and traits Government- originated by kings Philosophy- slowly emerged out of religious awe into curiosity about the principles and elements of the natural world. When Greek population moved to their cities interest changed to social living. Roman Terrain- Rome was inland, and on one side of the Tiber River Art- realistic portraits for decoration Economy- imported wheat, farmers, and also engaged in trade Social Classes- slaves, freedmen, plebeians, patriciansWomen were considered citizens Government- Kings originally ruled, then mixed republican form, then emperors Religion- Eros god of love, Mars god of martial fertility, Deities named after objects; mortals did good deeds to b e rewarded in the afterlife; they strove to gain their place with the gods in heaven Religion- gods not gender specific so their individual characteristics were not central to the myths; myths based in brave, heroic deeds of gods not mortals as mortal life was not important after death; Not individualistic; a warrior found sacred; actions more important than words; gods had no physical mportant as it was their contribution in society that mattered in the end; Individualistic: individuals had more consequences for their actions than that of a group Physical work not as important as creativity Gods were beautiful, bodies, muscles, eyes and hair made them more beautiful. Architecture- Buildings made of wood, clay, or mud bricks, limestone, marble, terracotta, plaster, and bronze; buildings were of the type of religious, funerary, domestic, civic, or recreational themes ppearance; Architecture- Rome adopted most of its architecture from Greek architecture References: http://www. britann ica. com/EBchecked/topic/1350843/Western-philosophy/16256/Shifts-in-the-focus-and-concern-of-Western-philosophy http://www. differencebetween. com/difference-between-greek-and-vs-roman-archit ecture/ http://www. diffen. com/difference/Greek_Gods_vs_Roman_Gods http://ancienthistory. about. com/od/greecevsrome/ss/GreecevsRome_8. htm

Knowledge to Assess Essay

Sources A and B agree with the interpretation that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was due mainly to the support of France with Source A arguably providing the strongest argument for this. Both the Sources confirm that France was committed to providing military assistance to Piedmont with Source A clearly stating that France has ‘decided to support Piedmont with all [their] power in a war against Austria’ and Source B backing this up by saying ‘Piedmont might rely upon our vigorous support if attacked by Austria’. Both the Sources also prove that French support was important as both Sources show concern for the diplomatic consequences in the event of war with Austria with Source A saying ‘provided the war could be justified in diplomatic circles and in the eyes of†¦French public opinion’ and Source B confirming this by saying ‘my first duty was to my country and its interests’. Both Sources are reliable as evidence that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was due mainly to the support of France. In Source A, Cavour is attempting to persuade the King to support war as Piedmont has the support of the French. The author and purpose prove reliable as at the Congress of Paris after the Crimean War, a healthy relationship was established between Piedmont and France. Cavour is right to say such things in his letter as Napoleon did in fact show a great enthusiasm for the Italian cause and was a dedicated supporter of the Carbonari in his youth. In Source B, Napoleon is attempting to gain support from Queen Victoria of England whilst not alarming her at the prospect of war with Austria, a country whom she was pre-disposed to liking. What Napoleon says in Source B is unsurprising and he is correct to say such things as 7 months have passed since the ‘secret meeting’ at Plombieres which was in fact no longer secret by now. Tensions had been raised and Napoleon had become alarmed by this. The author, date and purpose of Source B prove reliable in Source B as well as Source A. The importance of French support is also mentioned briefly in Source E where Victor Emmanuel states that Piedmont has ‘gratitude to France for the services she has rendered to Italy’ and makes a ‘sacrifice’ for France. Again Source E is reliable as  concessions in the form of Savoy and Nice were made to France in return for their support in the 1859 war against Austria. Arguably Source C also implies that French support was important in creating the Kingdom of Northern Italy. Piedmont are seen to be struggling alone and French support was therefore important in victories such as those at Magenta and Solferino where French military support was the main factor in securing the victory. To conclude, Sources A and B provide the strongest evidence that French support was the main reason that a Kingdom of Northern Italy was created with Sources C and E also backing this up. Source A and B are reliable, accurate evidence considering opinions from both the French and Piedmontese making this group in support of the interpretation very strong. On the other hand, Sources C, D and E disagree with the interpretation that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was due mainly to the support of France with Sources E and D providing the strongest argument for this and claiming Piedmontese initiatives to be of greater importance. Both these Sources state that the work of Piedmontese citizens were far more important in securing the creation of a Kingdom of Northern Italy with Source E clearly stating ‘central Italy has been delivered thanks to the remarkable courage of its inhabitants’ and ‘Lombardy has been freed thanks to the glorious exploits of our heroes’ and Source D backing this up by saying ‘Assemblies which now exist in central Italy’. Contrastingly, Source C claims that French support was extremely lacking and accuses Napoleon of inactivity and duplicity, forcing the burden of the war effort to be shouldered by Piedmont whilst implying that France were self-interested and enquiring as to what they would get out of it. Sources D and E are reliable as evidence that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was due to Piedmontese initiatives. In Source D, Walewski is warning the Piedmontese of the consequences of sidelining the French in the Central Duchies. Walewski is right to make such warnings as the French had concerns about instability spreading into the Papal States and that therefore the terms of the Villafranca agreement would be invalid and Piedmont would not be guaranteed the possession of Lombardy. In Source E, Victor Emmanuel is attempting to explain to the Parliament in Turin why he has ‘sacrificed’ ‘Savoy and Nice’. What Victor Emmanuel says in source E is also unsurprising as it is typical of him to make a Risorgimento speech crediting Italians rather than the French as he was a believer in ‘Italia fara da se’. The date of Source E also makes it reliable as in April 1860, the war against Austria had finished and, when compared with source C and D, Victor Emmanuel has the advantage of hindsight enabling him to comment on both the importance of Italian initiatives as well as French support, despite leaving ‘the services’ that France rendered to Italy undefined. However, Source C is far less reliable as evidence that the creation of the Kingdom of Northern Italy was not due to the support of France. In Source C, the English political cartoon is attempting to belittle the importance of French support by making the French out to look greedy. What the cartoonist shows in Source C is unsurprising as British hostility toward Napoleon and the French was rife due to the long wars with Napoleon Bonaparte which ended in 1815 and the bitter relations that then existed between the British and the French. To conclude, sources B and D, written by the French Napoleon and Walewski stress the importance French in regard to diplomacy and agreements made between France and Piedmont. Sources A and E however, written by the Piedmontese Cavour and Victor Emmanuel stress the role of Cavour’s diplomacy and Italian heroes whilst simply acknowledging moral and military support of the French. In summary, the importance of the French was an extremely important factor in the creation of a Kingdom of Northern Italy as France provided military support at the battles of Magenta and Solferino and gave Lombardy and eventually Venetia over to Piedmont thus creating a Kingdom of Northern Italy.

Billy Budd 2 Essay Research Paper To

Billy Budd 2 Essay, Research Paper To organize merely one sentiment or demo simply one facet of this narrative is naif, ill-mannered, and closed minded. How may one stick to one food shop mea, moral inquiring, or out-look on a book that jumps from such instances like toads on lily pads? Merely as Melville has done, I shall try to set up my perceptual experience of Billy Budd, in a similar manner. That is, through an irregular pattern ( that is ; leaping from platinum. to point ) , of composing an essay I shall invariably alter and waies and ends of what it is I wish to province. One may comprehend the book s construction to be loose and rather flexible ; one finds that the tantrums and starts, and the shifting of lengths between chapters are the best manner to convey the feelings/ significances of Billy s narrative. Possibly the storyteller believes that Billy is true on a deeper sense ; in other words, it corresponds to existent experience. Don T you, yourself find that when you are seeking to do a major determination, or populating through some important event your head supports switching from one thing to another, sometimes rapidly and dramatically, sometimes contriving conjectural state of affairss to utilize as comparings or differences? This is similar to the instance as seen in Billy Budd. The Book doesn T work in a rigorous and orderly manner but starts out to depict at length different characters, so moves to fast actions, slows down once more to a really argued trail, so draws quickly to a stopping point with Billy s hanging. Even after that event, ( the hanging ) , the book lingers on with a remark of it and ties up all loose terminals ( Captain Vere deceasing etc ) . Though this narrative lacks Orthodox format, it coheres in a profound and traveling manner. The manner and point of position of Billy Budd can be dealt with together b/c of the strong narrative voice determines both. The storyteller of the narrative is clearly a extremely educated individual with a great cognition of mythology. Though the voice of the narrative is consistent in this novel, the point of position is invariably altering. Sometimes we are put inside the caputs of the characters ( he tells us Claggart s secret ideas about Billy, and makes us experience the anguish Captain Vere is sing in doing his difficult determination. Then once more there are other times were he removes both of us ( storyteller, and reader ) , from a scene, ( Best illustration being, when Vere goes to state Billy that he must hang- and avoids doing judgements ) . The switching position and non including judgements forces one to do their ain feelings and values to the events in the book. It s these displacements that make the book of all time more true, existent, and complex in the different state of affairss. The storyteller invariably makes allusions to the Bible and to Greek mythology, and this has the consequence of promoting Billy s narrative into a symbolic play. The storyteller besides has the wont of straying, and he confesses that this failing is a literary wickedness. One might happen these Acts of the Apostless to be deflecting, but in fact when you stop to believe why the storyteller included them it sheds a certain visible radiation. Not merely does the storyteller maintain altering his point of position, but he keeps altering his gait every bit good. Background on history ( the war ) , a long analysis of characters, which are followed by intense dramatic action ( i.e. ; Billy being approached in fall ining a mutiny, and subsequently killing Claggart ) . Through such an attack the storyteller evokes the ambiance of the narrative. Many different subjects arise in this narrative. First, one most note that Billy was given 3 chief monikers ; Baby Budd, he was seen as a signifier of Christ, and as Adam from the Garden of Paradise. When seeing all three in the same sentence it brings one to compare and contrast. What do all three basically hold? Innocence. Furthermore, such a quality International Relations and Security Network T lost through yourself but through the actions of others. A Baby doesn T turn up until his eyes are opened and he is stripped of his pureness. Jesus was all good until he was hanged a rood by those who opposed his beliefs- once more another stripped of his goodness. Last but non least, the comparing of Billy to Adam. Adam was a adult male, G-d first creative activity, and hence is seen as one of the highest degrees of hollies. He did non cognize evil, for he was the first, but what brought about his autumn was the enticement of the serpent. To stretch farther into the thoughts of Billy and his relation to each description, one must see them in context. Baby ; who bestowed Billy with such a rubric? Though Billy has many friends among the crew of the Indomitable, the Dansker is the lone one whose character Melville fills out wholly. Wrinkled, misanthropic, tight-lipped, and wise in the crooked ways of the universe, the Dansker offers rather a contrast to the fine-looking immature crewman whom he dubs Baby Budd. Furthermore, Melville compares the old Dansker to the prophet at Delphi, a sort of spiritual fortune-teller whom the antediluvian Greeks would confer with for advise about the hereafter. Like this prophet, the Dansker likes doing short, deep dictums, and one time he speaks, he refuses to explicate what he s said. Billy, for one, can t understand half of his vocalizations, and what he understands he refuses to believe. You might acquire frustrated with him because, while he cares for Billy, he refuses to take a base and talk up for him. In add-on, after this short history of who the Dansker is, one can see vividly why he was named Baby Budd. On a physical degree Billy contrasted the Dansker rather vividly. On a deeper degree, thought still easy to hold on, one sees that the Dansker is wise in the crooked ways, nevertheless ; Billy is yet a babe. Sing Billy as a signifier of Christ ; In order to visualize Billy as a Christ, one must first attack Jesus for what he was. Christ was a simple adult male ( shepherd ) , and sacrificed himself so as others wouldn t be hurt. He excessively was betrayed by person he felt he could swear. ( Judas ) . Similarly, Billy was merely ( the book neer gave us ground to believe that Billy was greatly educated or such ) . Second, after Billy s unwilled wickedness, his surrender to his destiny nowadayss Billy as Christ like in his willingness to accept the forfeit of his ain life in order to keep societal order. Furthermore, I believe that because Billy was approached to fall in a mutiny, decided non to, and still didn t describe the work forces he was approached by, the people saw him as an above type of individual. Billy like Christ was besides betrayed by person he thought he could swear. Don T be misunderstood ; I am non mentioning to Captain Vere, but Claggart. For illustration ; in the incide nt of the spilling of the soup, Claggart did non respond in a roseola mode, hence, Billy put down all guards from him. This cogent evidence is most noticeable, in the scene in which Billy is hanged and the gallows in which Billy is hung upon is seen as a kind of Crucifix and Billy himself as a Christ-like figure. Billy is closely associated with Adam before the Fall. Claggart is like the serpent Satan who wormed his manner into Eden and tricked mankind out of a province of pureness, artlessness, and felicity. Billy Budd reenacts this antique struggle between good and evil symbolically and in the workings of the secret plan. However, I think this parable merely goes every bit far as the instance with Billy killing Claggart. Even beyond that simple apprehension, the autumn of adult male can be looked at in different ways. Sociologically, when pureness and artlessness is stripped off by the act of killing Claggart. Simplicity, to jurisprudence and justice. Another manner to construe Billy s autumn, is that of adult male to industry. ( Although this thought is more stressed in Bartleby ) . Yes, Billy reenacts the Fall of Man, but it goes a measure farther to demo the forgiveness and credence that follows. The important scene in this book is the meeting between Captain Vere and Billy after the trail ( the scene from which we re significantly excluded ) , when the justice embraces the condemned slayer like a male parent to a boy. The father-son motive is a sub-theme within this general reading. The key in the book is Billy s echoing approval: â€Å"God Bless Captain Vere! † ( Chapter 21 ) In Billy Budd, the function of the justice and leader is played by the Honorable Edward Fairfax Vere, the commanding officer of the Indomitable. Vere is a member of the English nobility. A unmarried man about 40 old ages old, Vere is a brave but non foolhardy captain, who has distinguished himself in several conflicts and lift to his rank through dedicate service and because he treats his crew good. He is an rational, which is something rare in the armed forces. He loves to read, particularly history and doctrine Books that reinforce his strong conservative sentiments of the universe. Though he is a decisive leader, he besides has a touch of languor in his character and on juncture has been seen gazing into the sea. Because it is understood that Vere and Billy were close it brings to oppugn why Vere wouldn T have pardoned Billy? Very Far was he from encompassing chances for monopolising to himself the hazards of moral duty. ( chapter 21 ) Captain Vere can be looked upon in at least three different visible radiations. Vere as a austere but merely justice, Vere as inhuman coward, and as a all-around adult male in a tough topographic point. Each give ground to why Billy stated, G-d bless Captain Vere. And through each it is easy to plus why in each it would do sense. Vere as austere but merely justice ; No one likes the fact that Billy bents for killing Claggart, but many feel that Vere made the lone determination possible. As the Captain of the Indomitable, he must look out for the public assistance of the whole ship, non merely the destiny of one adult male, and his determination to put to death Billy takes this precedence into history. It is evident to us, as readers that Vere suffers because the more he sees of Billy the more he loves him. By the terminal, he feels about like Billy s male parent. He knows Billy is guiltless before God ( chapter 21 ) in the ultimate sense, but his responsibility concerns the here and now. The jurisprudence demands that Billy must hang, and Vere knows he must continue the jurisprudence. Furthermore, to implement this degree of concluding with the phrase God Bless Captain Vere, one may construe it to intend ; hapless Captain Vere, may you bless him for it is the mistake of society non this adult male. In add-on, cognizing that Vere is brave, individual at 40 and all together devoted to his work, his true hurting for Billy Becomes known when he dies in the preceding conflict. His last words uttered were Billy ; Billy s last words were Captain Vere. As Vere takes leave of Bill, the senior lieutenant notices a expression of torment on his face ( chapter 22 ) Through another window one can see Vere to be a inhuman coward. Vere argued himself into the decease punishment for Billy out of cowardliness and bare fright. He might easy hold pardoned Billy, but he convinces himself that to make so would do the crew to mutiny, and he uses this feeble statement to convert the other Judgess to travel along with him. It s the typical second-guessing of a nervous coward. Vere might read a batch of books, but all they do is indurate his already settled sentiments. Like so many intellectuals, he wholly separates his feelings from his ideas, and assumes that his intestine reaction is incorrect, because it comes from his intestine! In this regard ; the phrase God Bless Captain Vere, takes on a new significance. Now it can stand to intend, God bless this adult male for he is lost. Yet another manner to look at Captain Vere is excessively merely soggiest that Vere is a all-around adult male in a tough topographic point. He s a leader and a mind, a adult male of deep feelings but besides a stickler for inside informations, a adult male with strong personal sentiments but an even stronger sense of responsibility. There is no simple reply to this instance. Furthermore, if you look at Billy ; Billy didn t study the mutiny, and followed his bosom making what he felt was moral. If you observe Captain Vere ; The Captain decides to hang Billy, he did what the jurisprudence directed him to make. If you look at the result of each individual so you will detect something in congruity, they both died. Possibly this is to state us that in a universe of such complexness, peoples will endure the same destiny regardless of the way of society ( jurisprudence ) , or personal decision ( that is moral ) . In this one can construe the phrase, God bless Captain Vere to intend, God bl ess this adult male for he was left with a fork in the route in which both results were similar. This is the cardinal nature of Vere s nature and everyone agrees one these basic facts. When Vere has to cover with the highly hard state of affairs on board the ship caused by Claggart s accusal, and Billy s striking out at him, his character is thrown into a whole new visible radiation. His ultimate determination, nevertheless, is up to endless argument. The manner one feels about his determination will turn out to be the anchor of one s reading of the book. I personally agree with the pick that Captain Vere made. What is Claggart s job? This is a inquiry you can believe about infinitely and still non reply to your satisfaction. Claggart is fundamentally the force of immorality in Billy Budd. He is Billy s face-to-face in merely about every manner. This will give you a good grip on how to speak about Claggart but it doesn t get to the underside of him. As Melville makes so clear in this book, immorality is a enigma that can neer be adequately explained. Bing Claggart is the incarnation of immorality, contains this enigma at the really centre of his character. Claggart is at the other terminal of the rope ( good v. immorality ) ; it is astonishing to see how they both steam from a similar steam. To look at him you might non believe he is so bad. Thirty-five old ages old, tall, dark haired, and reasonably fine-looking, there are merely two truly unusual things in his appearance- a dead-white skin color and an excessively big mentum. It is interesting to see a dead white skin color as a description for person with dead characteristic. To state he is dead you can link him to the really symbol of Satan or snake that he is thought out to be. He is dead in the sense of missing heart/ feelings. As for an overly big mentum, this is normally a similar physical characteristic seen with many evil characters, i.e. , Cruealla Deville, and other dark animals leering in the shadows. Both Claggart are instead fine-looking ( except for the difference stated about Claggart to see Billy s visual aspect see chapter 1 ) . Both had no existent background, all w e know of Billy is that he utilize to work on the Great adult male and now moved to the never-say-die as a consequence of war. As for Claggart he seems to be rather intelligent, and no 1 can calculate out how h got to the naval forces. Rumor has it that Claggart as a little clip condemnable in England, and he was drafted straight from prison. But no 1 knows for certain. About his intelligence, merely like the serpent used his intelligence to flim-flam Mankind, Claggart excessively uses his intelligence to flim-flam Billy. Thus the autumn of either s Garden. Upon this reappraisal, one can inquire such a inquiry of, does every Eden have to hold its serpent? The presence of John Claggart in Billy Budd suggest that immorality is portion of our universe, and it will ever attach itself to innocence and seek to pervert it. Billy Budd focuses on the interior life of a individual ship. Life aboard the Indomitable is a scaly down theoretical account of life itself, yet it is evident of the strength and about claustrophic this scene can be as the narrative returns and everything is heightened. Thought the wide-open sea is all about, it merely isolates the work forces from the remainder of the universe. If you ve of all time been momently separated on a encampment trip, per-say, so you know how rapidly one can acquire on another s nervousnesss. This narrative captures that strength. One must besides retrieve that Billy is set in a clip of war and mutiny, and theses factors have a major impact on the narrative and everyone s determinations.